A diffusion-reaction model of carbon isotope fractionation in foraminifera

Fossil foraminiferal shells are utilized in paleoceanography to extract information about environmental conditions of the past ocean. Based on several assumptions, the ratio of C and C preserved in their shells is used to reconstruct, for example, the paleoproductivity or the oceanic pCO . Metabolism of the living organism and the sea water chemistry, 2 however, can influence the incorporation of carbon isotopes during calcification such that the signal of the shells differ from Ž the signal of the sea water. These effects occur because the chemical microenvironment of the foraminifer boundary layer . 13 thickness ;500 mm differs from the bulk sea water. Here, we present a numerical model that calculates the d C of the foraminiferal shell as a function of the sea water chemistry and the magnitude of vital effects. Concentration profiles of the chemical species of the carbonate system within the microenvironment of foraminifera are obtained by solving diffusion-reaction equations. The compounds of dissolved forms of carbon dioxide containing either the stable carbon isotope C or C are considered separately. Spherical symmetry of the foraminifer is assumed. The model outcome is compared to results from culture experiments with the planktonic foraminifer Orbulina uniÕersa. Model results indicate that the interaction between vital effects of the foraminifer and the sea water chemistry can account for changes in the dC of foraminiferal calcite of 0.3–0.4‰ when glacial and interglacial sea water conditions are compared. These effects occur even though the d C of the total dissolved inorganic carbon is kept constant. Thus, changes in sea water chemistry should be distinguished from events which changed the dC of the inorganic carbon of the sea water. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.